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顆粒飼料品質(zhì)包括硬度、粉率、耐磨度及質(zhì)感，而影響品質(zhì)因素包括有原料特性、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、制造技術(shù)、溫度、鑄膜材質(zhì)、厚度、壓輥間隙及其他等因素，而其中對配方人員最重要的便是原料特性，如原料水分、物性、成分等均影響顆粒本質(zhì)，我們甚至可將各種原料對品質(zhì)影響分成不同等級，在計(jì)算配方時(shí)將之列入成分之一，然而在配方變更時(shí)，我們可以預(yù)估顆粒料本質(zhì)狀況，隨之改變操作條件。在列出各種原料對顆粒料品質(zhì)影響之前，我們先熟悉一下不同成分及性狀對顆粒料品質(zhì)影響狀況，那么我們才容易對各種原料制粒特性原因有個(gè)概略了解。
一、原料成分、性狀對顆粒料品質(zhì)之影響
1. 蛋白質(zhì)：豆粉等植物性油粕類、動(dòng)物膠及其他低脂蛋白質(zhì)原料，加熱后可曾粘，故有助于制粒，對與顆粒料品質(zhì)具有正面效果。
2. 粗纖維：纖維本身并無粘著性，但含纖維多的原料比較輕，通過鑄模的時(shí)間較長，故顆粒料較硬，但對機(jī)械磨損較大，生產(chǎn)效率較差。
3. 粗灰分：包括礦物質(zhì)、沙石等，此類物質(zhì)磨擦大，不利成形，亦損耗鑄模，減低其壽命，且降低生產(chǎn)效率。
4. 油脂：原料或飼料脂肪包括天然存在及人工添加的，任何來源地脂肪均能增加制粒的生產(chǎn)效率，但脂肪含量太高時(shí)，會嚴(yán)重影響成粒品質(zhì)。油脂具潤滑效果，保護(hù)鑄模，并提高生產(chǎn)效率。
5. 淀粉：淀粉經(jīng)蒸汽加熱即糊化，具粘性助粘著力，尤其麥類淀粉助粘效果更高，但蒸汽不足或顆粒太粗則效果減低。
6.熱易變性物質(zhì)：脫脂奶粉、乳清粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖等經(jīng)蒸煮后，粘性變高，有助硬度，但此類物質(zhì)加熱過渡時(shí)，容易焦化，太粘反堵塞鑄模小孔，故蒸汽量應(yīng)減少，配方許可下，加少許油脂可避免熱變性。
7. 水分：水具潤滑，助糊化效果。
8. 比重：飼料密度高時(shí)，制粒效果較佳。
9. 細(xì)度：較細(xì)的原料，或制粒前將原料磨得細(xì)些可提高制粒效率，改善硬度，增加粒料密度，延長鑄模壽命，其原因是較細(xì)的粉料，能使蒸汽充分滲入至每一顆粒中心，使之變得較柔軟而具可塑性。
二、飼料原料制粒特性
我們在應(yīng)用飼料原料時(shí)，若能事先知道原料的營養(yǎng)成分及物理性質(zhì)，并能預(yù)測其物理特性對制粒的影響時(shí)，對原料的使用必然更得心應(yīng)手。將各種原料的物理性質(zhì)與營養(yǎng)值分析之后，制成表，在表中除了可供輸入電腦，計(jì)算配方的營養(yǎng)值外，還列了三條重要的物理值，依其營養(yǎng)的大小，分別以0～10間的數(shù)字表示。這三項(xiàng)物理值是：
各種飼料原料制粒特性
  一、 品質(zhì)系數(shù)：即原料對成粒品質(zhì)的貢獻(xiàn)度，此項(xiàng)因素?cái)?shù)值愈高，表示用該原料制造出來的粒料品質(zhì)愈好。
二、 產(chǎn)能系數(shù)：即該原料對粒料產(chǎn)出量的影響。此一因素愈高，使用該原料的生產(chǎn)能力愈高。
三、 摩擦系數(shù)：即該原料對鑄模壽命的影響，此一數(shù)值愈高，該原料對鑄模的磨損愈厲害。
表中的這些數(shù)據(jù)完全基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并經(jīng)過許多同業(yè)朋友的證實(shí)，希望這些數(shù)據(jù)對您有所助益。應(yīng)用此表時(shí)，應(yīng)注意以下事項(xiàng)：
1.三項(xiàng)物理因素的設(shè)定，使實(shí)際上所利用的原料皆能落于0到10之間。
2. 原料混合后，其特性很難預(yù)測(合成效應(yīng))，這也是由表中計(jì)算值預(yù)測的成粒品質(zhì)與實(shí)際所生產(chǎn)粒料品質(zhì)有所差異的原因。
3.表中數(shù)據(jù)是根據(jù)平均樣本得來的，飼料原料系天然產(chǎn)物，每一批都會有所變異，因此當(dāng)同一配方下得到不同品質(zhì)的粒料，而操作條件不變，則一定是配方中的某一種原料有很大變異。
4. 事實(shí)上，如果您對表中所列數(shù)字有所不同看法時(shí)，我們也不會感到驚奇。不同的工廠使用同一原料與同一工廠使用不同的原料，其成粒品質(zhì)必然有異，因沒有所謂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的飼料廠，故同一原料在不同的工廠其效果有所差異，也就不值得大驚小怪。切記!表中的數(shù)值是平均值。談到原料特性與營養(yǎng)值，須知其中所含變化錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，此乃為什么先前一直無人數(shù)字來表示原料特性的原因。
5.表中有一欄原料最大使用量的限制，其著眼點(diǎn)全然在生產(chǎn)上考慮，若考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)上的理由，或營養(yǎng)上的觀點(diǎn)，或是有關(guān)的規(guī)定，則在使用量上必會有很大的區(qū)別，配方使用上盡可突破表中所述之限量。同時(shí)切忌配方的設(shè)計(jì)是以最經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法組合原料來供給動(dòng)物所需的營養(yǎng)，而不要造成生產(chǎn)上的困擾!原料成本約占飼料價(jià)格85%，此一成本超過制造成本甚多，約15至20倍，這也是為什么為了生產(chǎn)上的困難而更改配方時(shí)，會導(dǎo)致總成本大增的理由。所以一般在生產(chǎn)上盡量不要為了制造上的困難而更改配方，制造上的困難要以較經(jīng)濟(jì)的手法來克服，逼不得已才改變所用原料。
The English version
Grain quality including hardness, powder feed rate, the wear-resisting degree and texture, and the factors affecting quality consists of material characteristics, mechanical design, manufacturing technology, casting temperature, membrane material, thickness, and other factors, such as roller clearance of which is the most important raw material for formulation personnel features, such as the moisture, physical properties and composition of raw material affect the nature of particles, we even impact on the quality of all kinds of raw materials can be divided into different levels, when calculating the formula will be listed in the ingredient, however in the recipe changes, we can forecast grain nature condition, change the operating conditions. Before listed effect on grain quality of different materials, we first familiarize yourself with the different components and effects on grain quality, so we are easy to granulating features cause all kinds of raw materials has a general understanding.
One, the effects of raw material composition, properties of grain quality
1. The protein flour plant oil, such as meal, animal glue and other low lipoprotein quality raw materials, ever stick after heating, it helps to granulating, with grain quality has a positive effect.
2. Crude fibre: fibre itself and no tackiness, but fiber raw material is lighter, more through the mold for a long time, so the grain is hard, but the mechanical wear, low production efficiency.
3. Crude ash: including minerals, sand, etc., such friction material is big, bad shape, mold also loss and reduce its life, and reduce the production efficiency.
4. Grease: raw material or feed fats include natural and artificial added, any source of fat can increase the production efficiency granulating, but fat is too high, will seriously affect the quality of granulating. Grease lubrication effect, protect the mold and improve production efficiency.
5. Starch, starch by steam heating the gelatinization, viscous help adhesion, particularly of wheat and barley starch adhesion effect is higher, but the lack of steam or particles is too thick, reduce effect.
6. The heat variability material: skim milk powder, whey powder, sucrose, glucose and so on after cooking, high viscosity, hardness, but this kind of material heat transfer, easy to coking, too stick anti clogging mold holes, so the steam should be reduced, recipe permission, add some oil to avoid thermal denaturation.
7. Water: water lubrication, gelatinization effect.
8: the proportion of feed density high, granulating effect is better.
9. Fineness: thinner raw materials, grinding materials or granulating will have to fine some granulating efficiency can be improved, to improve the hardness, increase the aggregate density, extend the life of the mold, the reason is that the fine powder, can make steam fully penetrate to each particle center, make it become more soft and plasticity.
Second, the feed raw material granulating
When we are in the application of feed raw materials, if can know in advance the nutritional composition and physical properties of raw material, and can predict the physical properties of granulating, the influence of the use of raw materials will be more handy. The physical properties of various materials and nutrition value analysis, make table, in the table in addition to input computer, calculation formula of the nutritional value, also listed the three important physical values, according to the size of his nutrition, expressed as a number between 0 ~ 10 respectively. The three physical values are:
A variety of feed ingredients granulating features
 
One, the quality factor: the contribution of granulating quality raw materials, the higher the value, the factors said produced with the raw materials of aggregate quality is better.
Second, the capacity factor: the raw material's impact on aggregate output. This factors, and the use of the raw materials of production capacity.
3, friction coefficient, namely the influence of the raw material to mold life, this value is higher, the raw material of mold wear the more severe.
These data in the table is completely based on the experience, and confirmed by many peer friends, hope these data will help to you. Application of this table, we should pay attention to the following items:
1. The three set of physical factors, so that actually use the raw material can fall between 0 to 10.
2. After mixing raw materials, its characteristics is difficult to predict (effect), which is calculated by the table values predicted granulating quality and actual aggregate produced quality differences.
3. The sample data in the table is based on the average, feed raw materials is a natural product, each batch will vary, so when the same formulation under different quality of aggregate, and operating conditions the same, is must be a kind of material in the formula has great variation.
4. In fact, if you are looking for different Numbers listed in the table view, we wouldn't be surprised. Different factories use the same raw materials with the same factory use different raw materials, its quality must be different, because there is no standard feed mills, and the effect for the same material in different factories, also is not surprising. Remember that! The value in table is average. When it comes to raw material characteristics and nutritional value, information containing complex change, this is why the previous has been no one number to represent the material characteristics.
5. There is a column in the table's largest raw material usage limit, its focus completely on the production, if consider economic reasons, or nutritional point of view, or the relevant provisions, in there will be big difference on the usage, formula can use breakthrough the limit of described in the table. At the same time the formula design of avoid by all means is the most economical method combination raw material to supply for animal nutrition, and don't cause trouble production! Raw material cost accounts for about 85% of feed price, the cost more than the manufacturing cost very much, about 15 to 20 times, which is why change the formula for production difficulties, can lead to increased the cost of the reasons. Commonly so try not to create difficulties in production and change the formula, manufacturing difficulties for the economy to overcome, forced to change materials.
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