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文章來源：《動物防疫一線》
霉菌毒素分為兩大類
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霉菌根據(jù)生長條件劃分為田間霉菌和倉儲霉菌兩種。田間霉菌是指青霉菌屬（主要分泌桔霉素），鐮刀菌屬（主要分泌T-2毒素、嘔吐毒素DON、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏馬毒素等），麥角菌屬（主要分泌麥角毒素），這類霉菌通常是谷物在生長過程中就已感染。
倉儲霉菌主要是指飼料或原料在儲存過程中產(chǎn)生的霉菌，以曲霉菌屬為主，曲霉菌屬（主要分泌黃曲霉毒素AFT、赭曲霉毒素等）。
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霉菌毒素在哪里存在？
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有研究證實(shí)，只要有適宜的環(huán)境，霉菌毒素可在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的任何環(huán)節(jié)產(chǎn)生。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織報(bào)道，世界上每年大約有25%的谷物被各種霉菌毒素污染，現(xiàn)已知的霉菌毒素已超過400種，但并不是每種霉菌毒素都有毒。
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霉菌毒素所引起的動物臨床癥狀取決于
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霉菌毒素所引起的動物臨床癥狀主要決定于4個(gè)方面：
1、毒素類型，攝入量和接觸時(shí)間
2、動物的種類、性別、飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境、年齡、健康程度和免疫力高低
3、養(yǎng)殖場的管理(衛(wèi)生、溫度和飼養(yǎng)密度)
4、飼料中霉菌毒素間的互作效應(yīng)
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養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)中罪魁禍?zhǔn)椎亩舅赜心男?/strong>
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養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)中影響最大的毒素是黃曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮。其中黃曲霉毒素B1是目前已知自然界中最強(qiáng)的致癌物，毒性比氰化鉀大10倍，比砒霜大68倍。玉米赤霉烯酮是一種雌激素類似物，豬食用之后擾亂生殖內(nèi)分泌平衡，引起流產(chǎn)、受胎率下降及仔豬陰門紅腫等病癥。
此外。伏馬毒素和嘔吐毒素也會造成較大影響。伏馬毒素的主要靶器官為肺臟，造成免疫抑制，使豬群對呼吸道病原抵抗力下降。嘔吐毒素因大量情況下會引起嘔吐而得名，主要損害豬的消化道，影響飼料適口性和采食量。
幾種霉菌毒素同時(shí)存在于飼料原料和配合飼料是很常見的現(xiàn)象，但霉菌毒素間的協(xié)同作用對動物健康和生產(chǎn)性能的影響比任何一種霉菌毒素單獨(dú)作用的危害都要大。目前有6種霉菌毒素是最常見的：黃曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉素、麥角毒素、嘔吐毒素和T-2毒素。
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國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如何規(guī)定飼料中的霉菌毒素最高量？
The English version
Article source: "a line for animal epidemic prevention"
 The mycotoxins are divided into two broad categories
Mold according to mold growing conditions are divided into the field and warehousing mold two kinds. Field mold refers to penicillium (mainly secreted citrinin), sickle bacteria genera (mainly secreted, vomiting toxins DON T - 2 toxin, corn gibberellic ketene, fu ma toxin, etc.), claviceps (mainly secreted ergot toxins), this kind of mold is usually grain growth process in the infection.
Warehousing mold is mainly refers to the feed or raw material in the storage process of the mold, with aspergillus species is given priority to, aspergillus species (mainly secreted aflatoxin AFT, ochre and aspergillus toxin, etc.).
Where is the mycotoxin exist?
Studies have confirmed that as long as there is a comfortable environment, mycotoxin produced any of the processes involved in agricultural production. According to the United Nations food and agriculture organization (fao), the world each year, about 25% of the grain is all sorts of mycotoxin contamination, has more than 400 kinds of mycotoxin known but not every mycotoxin poison.
Clinical symptoms depend on the mycotoxin caused by animals
Animal clinical symptoms caused by mycotoxins mainly depends on four aspects:
1, toxin type, intake and contact time
2, the kinds of animals, sex, breeding environment, age, degree of health and immunity
3, farm management (health, temperature, and density) feeding
4, interaction effect between the mycotoxins in feed
What are the main culprit of toxins in pig production?
Toxin is the greatest influence in the production of pig aflatoxin B1 and corn gibberellic ketene. The aflatoxin B1 is in nature the strongest known carcinogens, toxicity is 10 times greater than potassium cyanide, 68 times larger than arsenic. Corn gibberellic ketene is a kind of estrogen analogues, farming in disrupt the reproductive endocrine balance, after abortion, conception rate decline and piglet vulva redness and other symptoms.
In addition. V horse toxins can cause great influence, and vomiting. V horse toxin's main target organs as the lungs, causing immune suppression, makes pigs decreased respiratory pathogen resistance. Vomiting toxins named by a large number of cases can cause vomiting, major damage to the pig's digestive tract, and affect palatability of feed intake.
Several mycotoxins exists in feed ingredients and feed at the same time is a very common phenomenon, but the synergy between mycotoxin effects on animal health and production performance than the harm of any kind of mycotoxin separate function. There are 6 kinds of mycotoxins are the most common: aflatoxin, corn gibberellic ketene, ochratoxin, ergot toxin, vomiting toxins and T - 2 toxin.
How to stipulate the national standard of feed mycotoxins in the highest quantity?
 
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